Express generate a file for download

Express.js is a Node.js web framework that has gained immense popularity due to its simplicity. It has easy-to-use routing and simple support for view engines, putting it far ahead of the basic Node HTTP server.

However, starting a new Express application requires a certain amount of boilerplate code: starting a new server instance, configuring a view engine, and setting up error handling.

Although there are various starter projects and boilerplates available, Express has its own command-line tool that makes it easy to start new apps, called the express-generator.

What is Express?

Express has a lot of features built in, and a lot more features you can get from other packages that integrate seamlessly, but there are three main things it does for you out of the box:

1. Routing. This is how and all give you different pages. Express makes it easy for you to modularize this code by allowing you to put different routes in different files.
2. Middleware. If you’re new to the term, basically middleware is “software glue”. It accesses requests before your routes get them, allowing them to handle hard-to-do stuff like cookie parsing, file uploads, errors, and more.
3. Views. Views are how HTML pages are rendered with custom content. You pass in the data you want to be rendered and Express will render it with your given view engine.

Getting Started

The first thing you’ll need is to get Node and npm installed on your machine. To do this, either head to the official Node download page and grab the correct binaries for your system, or use a version manager such as nvm. We cover installing Node using a version manager in our quick tip, “Install Multiple Versions of Node.js Using nvm”.

Starting a new project with the Express generator is as simple as running a few commands:

This installs the Express generator as a global package, allowing you to run the command in your terminal:

This creates a new Express project called , which is then placed inside of the directory:

If you’re unfamiliar with terminal commands, this one puts you inside of the directory:

If you’re unfamiliar with npm, it’s the default Node.js package manager. Running installs all dependencies for the project. By default, the includes several packages that are commonly used with an Express server.

Options

The generator CLI takes half a dozen arguments, but the two most useful ones are the following:

• -v . This lets you select a view engine to install. The default is . Although this still works, it has been deprecated and you should always specify an alternative engine.
• -c . By default, the generator creates a very basic CSS file for you, but selecting a CSS engine will configure your new app with middleware to compile any of the above options.

Now that we’ve got our project set up and dependencies installed, we can start the new server by running the following:

Then browse to http://localhost:3000 in your browser.

Application Structure

The generated Express application starts off with four folders.

The folder contains the executable file that starts your app. It starts the server (on port 3000, if no alternative is supplied) and sets up some basic error handling. You don’t really need to worry about this file, because will run it for you.

The folder is one of the important ones: ​everything​ in this folder is accessible to people connecting to your application. In this folder, you’ll put JavaScript, CSS, images, and other assets that people need when they load your website.

The folder is where you’ll put your router files. The generator creates two files, and , which serve as examples of how to separate out your application’s route configuration.

Usually, you’ll have a different file here for each major route on your website. So you might have files called , , and/or in this folder.

The folder is where you have the files used by your templating engine. The generator will configure Express to look in here for a matching view when you call the method.

Outside of these folders, there’s one file that you should know well.

The file is special, because it sets up your Express application and glues all of the different parts together. Let’s walk through what it does. Here’s how the file starts:

These first six lines of the file are required. If you’re new to Node, be sure to read “Understanding module.exports and exports in Node.js”.

The next two lines of code the different route files that the Express generator sets up by default: and .

After that, we create a new app by calling . The app variable contains all of the settings and routes for your application. This object glues together your application.

Once the app instance is created, the templating engine is set up for rendering views. This is where you’d change the path to your view files if necessary.

After this, you’ll see Express being configured to use middleware. The generator installs several common pieces of middleware that you’re likely to use in a web application:

• logger. When you run your app, you might notice that all the routes that are requested are logged to the console. If you want to disable this, you can just comment out this middleware.
• express.json. You might notice that there are two lines for parsing the body of incoming HTTP requests. The first line handles when JSON is sent via a POST request and it puts this data in .
• express.urlencoded. The second line parses query string data in the URL (e.g. ) and puts this in .
• cookieParser. This takes all the cookies the client sends and puts them in . It also allows you to modify them before sending them back to the client, by changing .
• express.static. This middleware serves static assets from your folder. If you wanted to rename or move the public folder, you can change the path here.

Next up is the routing:

Here, the example route files that were required are attached to our app. If you need to add additional routes, you’d do it here.

All the code after this is used for error handling. You usually won’t have to modify this code unless you want to change the way Express handles errors. By default, it’s set up to show the error that occurred in the route when you’re in development mode.

Bootstrapping a New Project

Let’s apply what we’ve learned so far to kick-start a basic Express.js application.

Assuming you’ve already installed as a global module, run the following command to create a new skeleton project:

As I mentioned earlier, it’s a good idea to opt for something other than the default (Jade) templating library. Here I’ve gone with Handlebars.js, as I find the mustache-like syntax easy to read and work with.

Once the generator has run, switch into the newly created folder and install the dependencies:

At this point, you may notice several warnings about package vulnerabilities. Let’s update the version of Handlebars.js to fix those:

Now that the project dependencies are installed and updated, let’s customize some of the boilerplate view templates.

The generator creates a layout template which is used to render all the markup that’s shared between views. Open up and replace the content with the following:

The markup here is adapted from an example shown on the Bootstrap website. We also need to add some custom styles, so open up and paste in the following:

Now that we’ve customized the layout, let’s add the markup for the home page. Open and replace the contents with the following:

This will display a newsletter signup form on our home page.

Let’s add a route our form can be submitted to, where we can access the form data and do something with it. Open up the file and add the following route beneath the home-page route:

In the route handler, we’ve extracted the form data from the request object. After processing the signup (shown as pseudo-code), we pass the data through to our view.

Note: if you want to learn more about working with forms in Node, read “Forms, File Uploads and Security with Node.js and Express”.

Let’s create that now, by opening a new file, , and adding the following markup:

To give our new site a try, fire it up by running in the project folder, and visit http://localhost:3000.

And here’s the demo running on CodeSandbox.

A Useful Tool

Hopefully you now have a clear idea of how the express-generator tool can save you time writing repetitive boilerplate when starting new Express-based projects.

By providing a sensible default file structure, and installing and wiring up commonly needed middleware, the generator creates a solid foundation for new applications with just a couple of commands.